A Neurodevelopmental Disorder Characterized by Persistent Patterns of Inattention, Hyperactivity, and Impulsivity.
Understanding the psychological concepts to ADHD provides a foundation for developing targeted interventions and support strategies to help individuals manage and cope with symptoms of ADHD.
The Dynamic Developmental Theory of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
The dynamic developmental theory of ADHD emphasizes the complex interplay of genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors in shaping the course of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. This theory suggests that ADHD symptoms may manifest differently across developmental stages, influenced by ongoing cognitive, emotional, and social maturation. This theory suggest that genetic predisposition may be the foundation of ADHD but that neurological changes and environmental stressors can contribute to the manifestation of symptoms over time. Understanding the intricate relationship between cognitive, emotional, and social aspects, as well as considering the impact of environmental stressors, becomes very important when considering treatment strategies for individuals with ADHD.
The Cognitive-Energetic Model of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
"The CEM focuses on energetic factors, as the most critical explanation of ADHD, proposing that the deficit of these factors leads to both inattention and hyperactivity symptoms. This model claims that the overall efficiency of information processing is determined by the interplay, among three mechanisms at different levels with top-down, and bottom-up streams along them" (Sergeant, 2000). This model involves three distinct levels. The first level involves lower cognitive processes, including coding, central processing, and response organization. The second level comprises the cognitive-energetic module, encompassing energy pools, arousal, activation, and effort. The third level of the model involves management or executive functions, proving a comprehensive framework that outlines the interconnected cognitive aspects associated with ADHD. Understanding the interplay of cognitive processes, energetic pools, and executive functions help clinicians develop strategies to support individuals with ADHD.
Supporting Individuals with ADHD
Establishing a strong support system is crucial for individuals managing ADHD, encompassing not only professional assistance as well as the understanding and encouragement extended by family and friends.
Several specific psychosocial interventions have been shown to help individuals with ADHD and their families manage symptoms and improve everyday functioning. Mental health professionals play an important role in providing comprehensive assistance for individuals with ADHD. Various therapeutic approaches, including behavioral therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, family and marital therapy, contribute to addressing specific challenges associated with ADHD. Additionally, parenting skills training and behavioral parent management training offer valuable support to families. In education settings, specific behavioral classroom management interventions and academic accommodations help create an environment conducive to learning. Lastly, support groups provide a platform for individuals to share their personal experiences, fostering a sense of community. (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2023).
Mental health professionals can provide calming strategies and stress management techniques to help an individual navigate daily challenges and/or struggles.
Check out this short video on how to help someone you love that struggle with symptoms of ADHD.
References
Martella, D., Aldunate, N., Fuentes, L. J., & Sánchez-Pérez, N. (2020). Arousal and Executive Alterations in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Frontiers in psychology, 11, 1991. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01991
Sagvolden, T., Johansen, E. B., Aase, H., & Russell, V. A. (2005). A dynamic developmental theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) predominantly hyperactive/impulsive and combined subtypes. The Behavioral and brain sciences, 28(3), 397–468. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X05000075
Sergeant J. (2000). The cognitive-energetic model: an empirical approach to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 24(1), 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0149-7634(99)00060-3
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2023). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. National Institute of Mental Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd
Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) ADHD is a prevalent psychiatric disorder that often manifests in childhood with symptoms of inappropriate inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. These symptoms, when present, may impact age-appropriate behavior and can persist into adolescence and adulthood if not properly addressed. The estimated number of children aged 3–17 years ever diagnosed with ADHD, according to a national survey of parents, is 6 million (9.8%) using data from 2016-2019. Symptoms People with ADHD show a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity . Inattention Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, at work, or with other activities. Often has trouble holding attention on tasks or play activities. Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly. Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the work...
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood. It is usually first diagnosed in childhood and often lasts into adulthood. Children with ADHD may have trouble paying attention, controlling impulsive behaviors (may act without thinking about what the result will be), or be overly active. ( Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 2023) ADHD Challenges Individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder commonly face a variety of challenges including Inattention, Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, Time Management Issues, Academic or Work Challenges, Relationship Strain, Low Frustration Tolerance, Procrastination, Emotional Regulation, and Self-Esteem Issues. Listed below are some examples of daily activities that can be difficult for an individual with ADHD: Paying close attention to details or making seemingly careless mistakes at work or during other activities Sustaining attention f...
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